Transit Tram Journeys in Upper Silesia

Share this

Header image. Derivative work. Original work: Polish customs post and tram stop at the Polish-German Border in Łagiewniki. CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

You can read this article in German and Polish via Google Translate.

This article is about pre-World War II historical aspects of the Upper Silesian tramway network.

Find out about the little-known history (in English) of cross-border and transit tram journeys in Upper Silesia and how these troublesome journeys affected economic and social life in the region.

Image attribution: NAC. (National Digital Archive of Poland)

Tram at the Łagiewniki  border crossing near Beuthen Germany
Tram to Katowice, Poland at the Łagiewniki border crossing near Beuthen, Germany

Partition of Upper Silesia after World War I

Background Information

Following Poland’s emergence as an independent nation after the First World War, the highly industrialised region of Upper Silesia had an ethnically mixed German and Polish population.

This mix of ethnicities resulted in much of the area being in dispute and lead to armed violence between the two ethnic communities.

Three Silesian Uprisings occurred between 1919 and 1921, in which ethnic Polish Silesian separatists fought with German police and irregular German forces. The Polish separatists sought to have Upper Silesia transferred into newly independent Poland. The last Silesian Uprising, in which Polish separatists gained large parts of Upper Silesia, was pivotal in shaping the new borders of partitioned Upper Silesia, as was later to be directed by the League of Nations in 1922.

Upper Silesia Plebiscite

A plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty was carried out on the 20th of March 1921. The overall result in Upper Silesia was that the majority of the population voted to be in the German state by a measure of 59.4% to 40.6%.

The German–Polish Convention on Upper Silesia

Since the plebiscite results did not lead to a peaceful solution between the two communities, the Allies passed over the dispute to the League of Nations who decided to partition Upper Silesia.

On 15th of May 1922, this resulted in the signing in Geneva of the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia (Polish Konwencja genewska o Górnym Śląsku. German Deutsch-Polnisches Abkommen über Oberschlesien).

According to the mandate of the convention, on the 20th of June 1922, Germany ceded parts of Upper Silesia to Poland.

The German–Polish Convention on Upper Silesia
Cover page of The German–Polish Convention on Upper Silesia

Consequences of partition for the economic and social life of the region

The new borders resulted in the partition of coal mines, other industrial establishments and transport companies (including tramway, train and bus operators) that had previously been under the ownership of one company.

The partition also impacted agencies that had previously cooperated with these partitioned companies. Sources of supply and financing were separated, as were the supply chains of water, electricity and gas. Borders also cut across residential properties, gardens and farms.

Pictures from Schlesiens Ostgrenze im Bild (Silesia’s Eastern Border in Pictures) at the Silesian Digital Library. In German.

Properties divided by the border
Properties divided by the border
A women waters her garden hemmed in by border
A women waters her garden hemmed in by border
A coal mine near Zabrze divided
A coal mine near Zabrze divided

Consequences of partition for the tramway system

The partition resulted in the tramway system having to cross international borders in seven places.

This can be seen in the tramway map below. German Upper Silesia is shown to the west, and Polish Upper Silesia is shown to the east and southeast.

1939 tramway map of German & Polish Upper Silesia
Mid 1939 tramway map of German and Polish Upper Silesia

Map attribution: MacQtosh, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Provisions in the convention for operation of the tramway system

The mechanics of how the partitioned tramway system would operate between the two countries, were covered by the wording of the convention. The German–Polish Convention on Upper Silesia. Archived at the Silesian Digital Library. In Polish.

Circulation Cards were issued

Residents wishing to travel across the borders now needed to carry a Circulation Card (German Verkehrskarte. Polish Karta Cyrkulacyjna), which, in theory, would allow unhindered travel across the borders.

A Circulation Card was issued, upon request and verification of residency, only to residents who lived within 15 kilometres on either side of the border within the plebiscite areas.

This Circulation Card was a pass with a photograph printed in Polish and German. People who wished to travel and lived more than 15 kilometres away from the plebiscite border areas, had to have a passport.

An example of a Circulation Card

First part of a Circulation Card
First part of a Circulation Card
Second part of a Circulation Card
Second part of a Circulation Card

Images attribution: Paweł Drozd on Wiki Drozdp 20:32, 26 January 2007 (UTC), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The circulation cards enabled cross-border travel for both family and work purposes. Following the partition of the region, many people found themselves living in Polish Upper Silesia, yet their work place was in German Upper Silesia, or vice versa. Many lived on one side of the border but needed to visit family and friends who were now in a different country. Travel by foot, car and bus was also hindered by cross-border document and customs checks.

Timetable chaos on the cross-border routes

The problems arose when people wanted or needed to travel using public transport. Travelling by tram was especially problematic as the tram tracks crossed international borders in seven places.

Lengthy customs and document checks at border crossings frequently resulted in the tramway timetables descending into chaos.

When travelling between Poland and Germany (or vice versa), passengers had to disembark from their tram, go through a document and customs check and then walk across the border to join a different tram in the destination country.

The associated photograph from approximately 1930, shows a German tram (Route 4) at the first tram stop in Hindenburg, Germany, waiting to depart for Gleiwitz. Passengers from Poland would have disembarked from their Polish tram and walked across the border to catch this German tram for onward travel.

Transit Tram Journeys in Upper Silesia

In some instances, a tram journey could begin in Poland, pass through German territory and then re-enter Poland. Those types of tram journeys took place in transit trams (Polish tramwaje tranzytowe).

In such cases, just after crossing the Polish-German border, German border officials would enter the tram at their border post. They would ensure the doors remained closed and no one got on or off the tram while it was passing through in transit.

When the tram reached the German border post just before the Polish border, the officials would alight and the tram would continue across the border into Poland.

This 1936 photograph shows a narrow-gauge Polish transit tram on dual gauge tracks on Scharleyer Strasse in the German town of Beuthen. Today, ul. Witczaka, Bytom in Poland. From the publication Schlesiens Ostgrenze im Bild (page 77) and archived at the Silesian Digital Library.

Polish transit tram in Beuthen, Germany in 1936
Polish transit tram on the streets of Beuthen, Germany in 1936

While the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia aimed to ease travel between the two countries, the opposite happened. The border checks outlined above severely disrupted travel, and the new German and Polish tramway operators systematically liquidated several cross-border tramway crossings regarded as problematic.

The Last Transit Tram Journeys in Upper Silesia

The last transit tram journeys occurred in 1937. The Upper Silesian Mixed Commission (Polish Górnośląska Komisja Mieszana. German Oberschlesische Mischkommission) was set up immediately after the German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia had come into force. The commission, composed of Germans and Poles and under the jurisdiction of a neutral Swiss judge, had the task of an arbitration panel that resolved disputes bought by stakeholders of Germany and Poland.

Once the time remit of the commission had passed in 1937, it was considered there were no legal obstacles in place to terminate problematic transit tram journeys.

Photographs from the Polish side of the border crossing point of Łagiewniki near Beuthen, Germany

Click on any image to see a bigger photograph and cycle through the gallery. If using a mobile phone, please click in the upper unshaded areas.

Images attribution: NAC – Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe (National Digital Archive of Poland)

German-Polish border crossing point at Zaborze-Poremba

German-Polish border crossing at Zaborze-Poremba
Photograph from the German-Polish border crossing at Zaborze-Poremba

This article is from the weekly publication Oberschlesien im Bild, 1924, issue No. 42. The publication is archived at the Silesian Digital Library. Please note that the text below the photographs is also clipped short in the archived version.

Photographs from the German side of the border just north of Łagiewniki, Poland

This photograph dates from between 1930 and 1932. It shows travellers about to undergo document control at the German border post a few metres north of Łagiewniki in Poland.

The image has been provided to Wikipedia by the Federal Archives of Germany.

Image attribution: Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-P012534 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE. Via Wikimedia Commons

German border post a few metres north of Łagiewniki near Beuthen
German border post a few metres north of Łagiewniki near Beuthen (today Bytom in Poland)

The following photographs are from the German book Schlesiens Ostgrenze im Bild  by Heinz Rogmann (Silesia’s Eastern Border in Pictures), published in 1936. The author has annotated some of the photographs to show the German side of the border as D and the Polish side as P. The publication (in the public domain) is available at the Silesian Digital Library.

Click on any image to cycle through the gallery. If using a mobile phone, please click in the upper unshaded areas.

Pictures are from Schlesiens Ostgrenze im Bild (Silesia’s Eastern Border in Pictures) at the Silesian Digital Library. In German.

Some more border absurdities after the partition of Upper Silesia

More photographs from Schlesiens Ostgrenze im Bild

Click on any image to cycle through the gallery. If using a mobile phone, please click in the upper unshaded areas.

YouTube video – Silesia Divided

Silesia Divided (1922 – 1939). Area of today’s Ruda Śląska.

Watch an excellent video about the broader social impact of the plebiscite and subsequent partition of Upper Silesia. Details about Transit Tram journeys in Upper Silesia are also covered.

In Polish with subtitles in English.

Map of the Beuthen region showing tramway, railway and road border crossing points

This is a German map dating from 1927 of Beuthen (today Bytom Poland). The original map is 15000 pixels wide by 10427 pixels high and it is not possible to show you the same sized map on this page. However, you can view the high resolution original sized map at the Polish Digital Library. The legend (bottom left-hand corner) shows tramways marked as a red line.

German map of Beuthen showing tramway and railway border crossing points
German map of Beuthen showing tramway and railway border crossing points

The idea of frictionless cross-border tram travel as we know it today (for instance in France, Germany and Switzerland within the Schengen area of the European Union) was a concept far removed from the harsh realities of travel between the then-divided communities of Upper Silesia.

Find out more about cross-border tram travel in our times.

Invasion of Poland by Nazi forces on 1st of September 1939

Following the Nazi invasion of Poland, Polish Upper Silesia (together with other parts of eastern Poland) was annexed by Germany and placed directly under German civil administration. At the same time, the two tramway systems were merged into one network.

Since there was no need for transit trams or previous document and customs checks in the now unified area of Upper Silesia, tram services became considerably more reliable and passenger use greatly increased.

The Upper Silesian tramway network after World War II

Following World War II, the whole tramway network of German and Polish Upper Silesia came within the new Polish borders.

In general, the network still exists today and retains many of the tramway routes and route numbering that were present during and before the Nazi occupation.

This can be seen by comparing the tramway network map above, with the current network map shown below.

Contemporary map of the Upper Silesian tramway system
Contemporary map of the Upper Silesian tramway system

Map attribution: ES64U4, CC BY-SA 4.0, Via Wikimedia Commons. View the original higher resolution tramway map at Wikipedia.

Please note that words on this page are copyright © South Coast View

Partition of Upper Silesia and The Plebiscite. Wikipedia in English. In Polish. In German.

Text of The German–Polish Convention on Upper Silesia. At the Silesian Digital Library. In Polish.

Silesian Interurbans History. Wikipedia. In English. In Polish. In German. In Dutch.

By tram across the border. Not only from Katowice to Sosnowiec. (Tramwajem przez granicę, nie tylko z Katowic do Sosnowca. Dziennik Zachodni). In Polish.

Upper Silesia divided like Berlin during the Cold War. (Górny Śląsk podzielony jak Berlin podczas zimnej wojny). Onet.pl. In Polish.

The game for Upper Silesia in 1922 (Gra o Górny Śląsk w 1922 r.) In Polish.

Border crossing and tram in Zaborze-Poremba. (Przejście Graniczne i Tramwaj w Zaborzu-Porembie – History of Zabrze). In Polish. National Digital Archive of Poland.

Schlesiens Ostgrenze im Bild (Silesia’s Eastern Border in Pictures) at the Silesian Digital Library. In German.

Oberschlesien im Bild (Upper Silesia in Fotographs) at the Silesian Digital Library. In German

Scroll to top

Comments are welcome. Leave a comment below.

Subscribe to future posts by email. No spam, just an email when a new post is published.

Share this

Comments are welcome and moderated.

The link to my contact page (should you wish to contact me privately) is at the foot of this page.

Here is the link to my Comments Policy.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Scroll to Top