This post was first published on South Coast View in 2021 and has been updated in 2025. Last updated on 23 May 2025. Reason for update: Added new biographical information for Dr Marek Reichmann.
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The circa 1933 photograph above depicts the Deutsches Familien-Kaufhaus (German Family Department Store) in Gleiwitz, where Franz Bernheim worked before his dismissal. The image is from the private collection of South Coast View.
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- Related posts
- Franz Bernheim
- The Bernheim Petition – About This Post
- Dismissal of Jews from their posts in Germany
- Dismissal of Franz Bernheim
- Preparation of a draft petition to the League of Nations
- Background to the League of Nations legislation that enabled the Bernheim Petition to succeed
- Submission of the Bernheim Petition to the League of Nations
- Acceptance of the petition's urgency at the League of Nations and behind-the-scenes activity
- Presentation of documents to the German representative at the League of Nations
- The Bernheim Petition at the League of Nations – Key Meetings
- What changed for Franz Bernheim following the successful outcome of his petition
- Franz Bernheim's case for compensation due to loss of earnings
- German Government Strips Franz Bernheim of Citizenship
- What changed for the Jews of Upper Silesia following the successful outcome of the Bernheim Petition
- The players in the Franz Bernheim Petition
- Recent developments in Gliwice
- The consequence of this decision suppresses awareness of The Bernheim Petition and its creator
- View a map showing Bernheim's short walk from his home to where he worked
- Conclusion
- Key Takeaways and Frequently Asked Questions
- References
Franz Bernheim
Born 15 September 1899 [1] in Salzburg – Died 22 December 1990 in New York [2]
The Bernheim Petition – About This Post
This post is about Franz Bernheim from Gleiwitz, German Upper Silesia, who, as a victim of Nazi anti-Jewish legislation, successfully took his grievance against the Third Reich to the League of Nations and won his case.
The Bernheim Petition had far-reaching consequences. The League of Nations’ Irish Free State representative Seán Lester’s tenacity and skill in pursuing the case (as rapporteur on minorities) during complex and protracted discussions ultimately led to Nazi Germany suspending, until 1937, some of the worst aspects of anti-Jewish legislation in German Upper Silesia.
Dismissal of Jews from their posts in Germany
On the 1st of April 1933, the German Government announced the start of a boycott of Jewish businesses. [3]
In preparation for the boycott, one of the first companies in Gleiwitz to dismiss Jewish workers was the Deutsches Familien-Kaufhaus department store, commonly referred to as DeFaKa. [4]
The store issued press advertisements stating that out of a total of 4,000 employees, the store is free of Jews. I presume that the 4,000 employees referred to would have covered the entire DeFaKa workforce in Germany.
As a footnote, the advertisement states that DEFAKA stores are, therefore, among the businesses to which the boycott measures announced by the Reich leadership of the NSDAP [Nazi Party] do not apply. Thus, every police officer is free to continue to obtain their supplies from DEFAKA.
The associated press cutting example is from the newspaper Werkszeitung der Vereinigte Oberschlesische Hüttenwerke A. G., Gleiwitz, 1933, Jg. 7, Nr. 10. (Company newspaper of the United Upper Silesian Metalworks, Gleiwitz. 1933, year. 7, no. 10). [5]
Dismissal of Franz Bernheim
Franz Bernheim was a 33-year-old shop assistant [6] at the DeFaKa department store in Gleiwitz. In line with the impending boycott of Jewish businesses, Bernheim received a letter from DeFaKa dated 31 March 1933, informing him that his employment would be terminated on 30 April 1933. [7]
Note: There are multiple descriptions of Bernheim’s job at DeFaKa in Gleiwitz on various web pages. Some I have come across are a manager, a warehouseman, an accountant and a sales assistant. I have settled on “shop assistant,” as that is Bernheim’s occupation listed in the petition submitted to the League of Nations.
Preparation of a draft petition to the League of Nations
In mid-April 1933, the anti-Jewish onslaught in Germany prompted Arthur Kochmann and Georg Weissmann, both exiled German Jewish lawyers (from Gleiwitz and Beuthen, respectively), in Katowice, Poland, to prepare a complaint to the League of Nations. At this point, the lawyers were still looking for a suitable person to sign the petition. [8]
After fleeing Germany, Bernheim first travelled to Katowice, Poland. There, he visited the law firm of Dr Marek Reichmann at 3 Marjacka Street [8a], where work on the petition continued in great secrecy.
Polish historian Leszek Jodliński is the sole source to note this, suggesting that both Kochman and Weissmann likely helped prepare the petition at Reichmann’s office.
Associated photograph sources: A. Marjacka Street. Silesian Digital Library. B. Press cutting. Silesian Digital Library. 11.
The photograph is dated between 1924 and 1929.
Next, Bernheim travelled to Prague with his partially finished petition, where he was met by Kurt Grossmann at a Jewish refugee centre. A meeting then took place in Prague with Dr Emil Margulies, a lawyer and prominent Zionist leader in Czechoslovakia. [9]
At this point, a suitable petitioner had been found, and Bernheim agreed to sign the petition. [10]
Background to the League of Nations legislation that enabled the Bernheim Petition to succeed
To provide context, in 1922, Germany and Poland signed the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia. The convention’s legal status was to last for 15 years. [11]
Immediately following the signing of the convention, the Upper Silesian Mixed Commission in Katowice, Poland, was established. This commission was composed of two Germans and two Poles and presided over by a neutral Swiss judge, Felix Calonder. Colonder is pictured fourth from the left. Photograph source: National Digital Archives of Poland.
The commission served as an arbitration panel tasked with resolving disputes brought by citizens of German and Polish Upper Silesia. One of the key points of the convention was safeguarding the rights of all minorities in these regions. [12]
Submission of the Bernheim Petition to the League of Nations
On 17 May 1933 [13], following these preparations, the petition, marked as “urgent”, was submitted to the League of Nations in Geneva by the Committee of Jewish Delegations. The Upper Silesian Mixed Commission had been worded to allow complaints to be marked as “urgent” if a case was of critical importance. [14]
The associated image shows the last page of the Bernheim Petition, with Bernheim’s signature.
Image attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) External link to the petition. United Nations Archives at Geneva.
The wording of the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia had provision for the submission of complaints via the Upper Silesian Mixed Commission. Crucially, however, the Convention also allowed complaints to be submitted directly to the League of Nations, thereby bypassing the Mixed Commission. [15]
Acceptance of the petition’s urgency at the League of Nations and behind-the-scenes activity
On 19 May 1933, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations accepted the Bernheim Petition as urgent. [16]
Seán Lester, the Irish Free State’s Permanent Representative at the League of Nations, was assigned to the case as rapporteur. [17]
As soon as the international Jewish community learnt of Lester’s crucial involvement, they enlisted the help of Nahum Sokolow, a prominent Zionist leader who had a reputation as a skilled mediator. Together with the Chief Rabbi of Ireland, Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (also known as Isaac Herzog), they sought the help of Éamon de Valera, President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, to whom Lester reported.
A meeting between Jewish activists and de Valera took place in Dublin, at which de Valera agreed to a timely and discreet intervention with Lester, urging him of the importance of the Bernheim Petition receiving a due hearing and progressing to a successful outcome. [18] *See additional information below.
Presentation of documents to the German representative at the League of Nations
Initially, the League of Nations’ German representative, Friedrich von Keller, attempted to suppress debate on the petition, [19] which, of course, was not going to be the end of the matter.
The Bernheim Petition at the League of Nations – Key Meetings
League of Nations session held on Friday, 26 May 1933
Mr. von Keller stated that he had immediately communicated the Bernheim petition to his government, which he had submitted a few days previously. The German Government had authorised him to make the following declaration:
It is obvious that international Conventions concluded by Germany cannot be affected by internal legislation. Should the provisions of the Geneva Convention have been violated in German Upper Silesia, this could only be due to mistakes by subordinate organs acting under a mistaken interpretation of the law. [20]
Blaming officials at the local level was an unexpected yet substantial and humiliating climb-down by Germany, paving the way for the petition to proceed.
Public Meeting held on 6 June 1933 – The League of Nations votes to uphold the Bernheim Petition
Von Keller stated that while he did not accept the League’s findings, he would not vote against them. [21] In a decision (Germany and Italy abstaining), the League of Nations upheld the petition.
At the conclusion of the session, Lester stated that the report had been adopted by the Council. The Council assigned him duties in connection with it; he expressed firm conviction that the Council would not be called upon to reconsider the issue, as he and his colleagues were confident the German Government would fulfil its international obligations. [22]
What changed for Franz Bernheim following the successful outcome of his petition
While Bernheim’s reinstatement at DeFaKa in Gleiwitz might, in theory, have been possible, he never returned to Germany; instead, he pursued a financial compensation case for loss of earnings due to his unfair dismissal.
Franz Bernheim’s case for compensation due to loss of earnings
Bernheim’s unfair dismissal case was heard between 17 October 1933 and 2 December 1935 at The Upper Silesian Mixed Commission in Katowice, Poland and the Office for Minorities in Oppeln, Germany. [23]
Bernheim was represented by his lawyers, Dr Marek Reichmann and Dr Emil Margulies, who, as previously mentioned, had drafted his petition to the League of Nations. The court’s verdict was that Bernheim had been unfairly dismissed. [24]
DeFaKa initially offered Bernheim 380 marks in compensation, but later increased it to 1,600, which was accepted. [25]
Before the case was finalised, Bernheim had emigrated to the United States and settled in New York. [26]
German Government Strips Franz Bernheim of Citizenship
Following the expiration of the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia in 1937, Bernheim was stripped of his German citizenship. [27]
What changed for the Jews of Upper Silesia following the successful outcome of the Bernheim Petition
Germany remained bound by the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia. In particular, Germany did not wish to alienate the German-speaking minority in Polish Upper Silesia, who also depended on the protection of the Convention. [28]
During the few years remaining before the expiration of the German-Polish Convention on Upper Silesia in 1937, it is true that some of the promised legal protections were fulfilled. German Jews of the region could keep their passports and leave Germany if they wished. While local officials remained obstructive, some Jewish lawyers, doctors, and civil servants could continue their work and, in some cases, regain their positions. Nazi laws banning marriages between Jews and non-Jews were lifted, as was the ban on kosher slaughter. [29]
The historian Karch tells us that those Jews of German Upper Silesia who benefited from protection and their enemies alike described the area as “A Jewish Nature Preserve”. [30]
Following the expiration of the convention in 1937, the full force of Nazi anti-Jewish legislation was unleashed. [31]
*Policy of the Irish Government on the acceptance of Jewish refugees between 1933 and 1939
There is no doubt about the honourable and significant role that Seán Lester played in defending the rights of Jews and non-Jews during his work as rapporteur on minorities at the League of Nations.
Sadly, the same cannot be said of the Irish Government, which obstructed the many requests from Jews seeking entry to Ireland during the period covering Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 and the outbreak of war in 1939.
Holocaust Education Ireland has written extensively about this in their publication Irish Responses to The Jewish Refugee Crisis in the 1930s.
The players in the Franz Bernheim Petition
Franz Bernheim
As previously mentioned, Bernheim emigrated to the United States in 1935 and settled in New York, where he died in 1990. Little is known about his life in the USA. He did not maintain contact with any Jewish or Zionist organisations.
His nephew, George Wyland-Herzfelde, recalled his uncle as warm and somewhat withdrawn. Sometimes, he accompanied his uncle to a Czech restaurant as a reminder of his time in Prague. Even then, Bernheim was reluctant to talk about the days of the petition, saying it was “the only possible way to stop Hitler, and that was his motivation for participating.” [32]
To the best of my knowledge, no photographs of Franz Bernheim are accessible via the Internet. If you have a photo of Franz Bernheim that you would like to share with me for use on this website, please get in touch with me.
Seán Lester
Nathan Feinberg, an expert in international law, lobbied and promoted the Bernheim Petition at the League of Nations on behalf of the Committee of Jewish Delegations.
Feinberg had this to say about Seán Lester:
…the Germans encountered a man with moral backbone and a courageous fighter for human liberty. He was not deterred by pressure and was unwilling to compromise. The fact that the Germans were unable to muzzle the petition and prevent a public debate should be credited primarily to Mr Lester, who exercised responsibility and exemplary courage. During two weeks of tedious, nerve-racking negotiations, he gallantly defended human dignity and demanded that human rights be honoured. [33]
Photograph of Seán Lester archived at NAC National Digital Archives of Poland.
In 1934, Lester became the League of Nations High Commissioner for the Free City of Danzig (today Gdańsk, Poland). Lester’s role included upholding the human rights of Gdansk’s minorities (Jewish and Polish) when these were violated by the constitution of the city. Violations lodged with him were reported to the League of Nations in Geneva.
The task of guaranteeing these rights in Gdansk became increasingly complex as the Nazis aimed to ban all democratic activities of opposition parties and individuals. Lester’s effectiveness in his role was further diminished by the lack of support from the League of Nations, but also by hostility from the Polish Government. Before Lester’s tenure in Gdansk would expire, Lester resigned from his post in 1937. [34]
Lester became the last Secretary-General of the League of Nations in 1940 [35] and died on 13 June 1959 in County Galway, Ireland. [36]
In 2010, Lester’s daughter, Ann Górski, his granddaughter, Lucy Kilroy, and his great-grandson, Brian Gageby, attended a ceremony at Gdańsk City Hall in honour of Lester.
Earlier that year, the main parliamentary party meeting room at City Hall in Gdańsk had been renamed the Seán Lester Room. [37]
Arthur Kochmann
Arthur Kochmann (one of Bernheim’s Lawyers) returned to Gleiwitz and died in a concentration camp**.
The photograph of Arthur Kochmann is from the newspaper Oberschlesien im Bild, issue 1925, No. 2, page 3 and is archived at the Silesian Digital Archives of Poland. In German.
The newspaper source above provides the following biographical information: Arthur Kochmann, Councillor of Justice and City Elder of Gleiwitz, celebrated his 60th birthday on December 24th. He has been a member of the city council for almost thirty years and served as an unpaid city councillor for 25 years. In recognition of his services, the city awarded him the title of City Elder in 1918. Councillor Justice Kochmann also held several honorary offices. From 1919 onward, he represented the Upper Silesian Democrats in the Prussian State Parliament.
**Many sources on the internet claim that Arthur Kochmann died in Auschwitz. The Upper Silesian Jews House of Remembrance Museum in Gliwice is more careful in its wording about the circumstances of Kochmann’s death. They state the following: Arthur Kochmann was murdered in a concentration camp. In December 1943, he was probably in the last transport of Gleiwitz Jews bound for a concentration camp. [38]
Note: Auschwitz was the closest concentration camp to Gleiwitz. According to contemporary mapping, the road distance between Gleiwitz (Now Gliwice, Poland) and Auschwitz is 63 kilometres. This may have differed in 1943, but my feeling is that Arthur Kochmann was murdered in Auschwitz.
It is incredibly sad that Arthur Kochmann, a celebrated and respected resident of Gleiwitz, as described in the above newspaper editorial from 1925, was to become another victim of Nazi persecution and would ultimately be murdered. All the other heroes on the side of the Bernheim Petition escaped to safe countries.
Kurt Grossmann
Kurt Grossmann (pictured first on the left in 1931) emigrated to the USA and died on 2 March 1972 in St. Petersburg, Florida. [39]
Photograph attribution: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B0527-0001-861 / Unknown author / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE, via Wikimedia Commons
Dr Emil Margulies
Emil Margulies arrived in Palestine on 15 March 1939 and died in Tel Aviv in February 1943. [40]
The associated image is used with permission and was kindly provided to me by the Herder Institute in Germany.
Dr Marek Reichmann
Dr Reichmann, one of Bernheim’s lawyers, was a crucial player in the Bernheim Petition and later in Bernheim’s unfair dismissal compensation case against DeFaKa.
Dr Reichmann was born on 27 February 1895 in Rohatyn, the Austrian Empire (now Western Ukraine). Between the World Wars, Rohatyn was in the Second Polish Republic. Dr Reichmann died on 11 June 1975 in Brazil.
When World War II broke out, Dr Reichmann and his wife left Katowice for Warsaw. They were permitted to leave Poland late in 1939 and went by train to Germany. They then travelled through Switzerland, Italy and Portugal, where together with their two children, they boarded a ship bound for Brazil and arrived in April 1941. The immediate family of the Reichmanns were saved by the Brazilian Visa Project.
In July 2023, a descendant of Dr Marek Reichmann reached out to me and kindly provided the above information and the associated photograph.
We know from the 1939 publication Polish Judiciary in Silesia that in February 1938, Dr Marek Reichmann was still a practising solicitor in Katowice. His name is listed on page 135 of this publication under the section Silesian Bar Association. Source: Polish Judiciary in Silesia. At some stage, perhaps after or just before the outbreak of war in 1939, the Reichmann family were overtaken by the events described in the above biography section of Dr Marek Reichmann.
Georg Weissmann
Weissmann, also one of Bernheim’s Lawyers, emigrated to Palestine and died in Tel Aviv in 1963. [41] To the best of my knowledge, there are no photographs of Georg Weissmann accessible via the Internet.
Éamon de Valera
President Éamon de Valera, who valuably interceded in the Bernheim Petition, died in 1975. [42]
Photograph: Public Domain.
Friedrich von Keller
Representative of the Third Reich at the League of Nations.
He died on 8 May 1960 in Tutzing, Bavaria, West Germany. [43]
Photograph: Public Domain.
Recent developments in Gliwice
On 31 March 2021, the organisation Młodzi Aktywni Gliwice (Active Youth in Gliwice) petitioned City Hall in Gliwice to mount a plaque commemorating Franz Bernheim, outside his former residence in Gliwice, Schillerstrasse 6b, now known as Wybrzeże Wojska Polskiego 6. [44]
On 13 May 2021, the Deputy Mayor of Gliwice responded that permission would not be granted for the erection of the plaque. The city authority cited multiple reasons for its refusal, stating that there was already sufficient public information about Franz Bernheim and the Jews of Upper Silesia at the Museum of Gliwice and in various publications on the Jews of the area. [45]
The consequence of this decision suppresses awareness of The Bernheim Petition and its creator
Unless you specifically visit the Museum in Gliwice or consult one of the named publications in the city’s reply, the average resident of Gliwice or tourist passing Franz Bernheim’s former residence remains ignorant that a person of significant importance in the history of the Jews of Upper Silesia once lived at the premises.
View a map showing Bernheim’s short walk from his home to where he worked
You can view a map on Google Maps that shows Franz Bernheim’s four-minute walk from his former home at Schillerstrasse 6b (today: ul. Wybrzeże Wojska Polskiego 6) to the DeFaKa store. The store building is today known as IKAR.
Conclusion
How many Jews were saved because of the Bernheim Petition?
As previously mentioned, Jews could keep their passports and leave German Upper Silesia for safer countries if they wished. Since there are no statistics on the number of Jews leaving the area for safe lands, this is an impossible question to answer. For sure, some Jews would not have received deportation orders. Yet those who chose to stay would, in most cases, be murdered in concentration camps once deportations started following the expiration of protections in 1937.
Because the Bernheim Petition was upheld, there was a route to safe lands for those Jews who chose to leave German Upper Silesia. For this reason, the success of the Bernheim Petition, in my view, was a significant event in the history of the Jews of German Upper Silesia.
Historical note: Following post-WWII border changes, Gleiwitz came within the new Polish borders and is today known as Gliwice.
Should you notice errors in this post or know of new information, please get in touch with me. You can write to me in English or Polish.
This post is featured on Substack
This post about the Bernheim Petition is copyright © South Coast View.
We’ve covered the complex journey of Franz Bernheim and his case. This section breaks down the most frequently asked questions to provide a concise review of the petition’s main facts and its historical impact.
Key Takeaways and Frequently Asked Questions
References
Please note that page numbers in externally linked PDF files refer to the PDF’s navigation and take precedence over any page numbers in the actual online documents.
1. UN Archives Geneva. Jews in Upper Silesia – Jews in Upper Silesia – Petition from Mr Franz Bernheim, a German national from Pleinitz, based on Article 147 of the German-Polish Convention of 15 May 1922. Council document C.314.1933. 12. Birth date.
2. Franz Bernheim in Famous People Throughout History. Myheritage.com.
3. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boycott of Jewish Businesses.
4. Karch, Brendan. Nation and Loyalty in a German-Polish Borderland: Upper Silesia, 1848–1960. Publications of the German Historical Institute. 199. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. doi:10.1017/9781108560955.
5. Press advertisement, “Erklärung,” Werkszeitung der Vereinigte Oberschlesische Hüttenwerke A. G., Gleiwitz. May 15, 1933, 8. Silesian Digital Library.
6. UN Archives Geneva. Jews in Upper Silesia – Jews in Upper Silesia – Petition from Mr Franz Bernheim, a German national from Pleinitz, based on Article 147 of the German-Polish Convention of 15 May 1922. Council document C.314.1933. 21.
7. Ibid, 91.
8. Feigue Cieplinski, “The Bernheim Petition: A Last Stand of Gegenwartsarbeit” (Master of Arts, New Brunswick
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey) Pages 46-48.
8a. The Katowice newspaper “Polonia” dated 19 February 1933 carried an advertisement from Dr Marek Reichmann showing his address. 11.
9. Leszek Jodliński, “Pan Bernheim z Gliwic idzie na wojnę z III Rzeszą,” Gazeta Wyborcza, April 2014.
10. Feigue Cieplinski, “The Bernheim Petition: A Last Stand of Gegenwartsarbeit” (Master of Arts, New Brunswick. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey) Page 48.
11. Ibid, 3.
12. Ibid, 20.
13. Greg Burgess. The League of Nations and the Refugees from Nazi Germany. 37. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/25772/9781474276627.pdf.
14. Feigue Cieplinski, “The Bernheim Petition: A Last Stand of Gegenwartsarbeit” (Master of Arts, New Brunswick. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey) Page 33.
15. Ibid, 33.
16. C-314-1933-I_EN – Protection Of Minorities. Application Of The Germano-Polish Convention Of May 15th, 1922, Concerning Upper Silesia. Petition of M. Franz Bernheim, of May 12th, 1933, concerning the situation of the Jewish Minority in German Upper Silesia. Acceptance of the petition as urgent.
17. Eliash Shulamit. The Harp and the Shield of David Ireland, Zionism and the State of Israel. Routledge, 2007. 32. https://www.routledge.com/The-Harp-and-the-Shield-of-David-Ireland-Zionism-and-the-State-of-Israel/Eliash/p/book/9781138869783.
18. Ibid, 32.
19. Karch, Brendan. “A Jewish ‘Nature Preserve’: League of Nations Minority Protections in Nazi Upper Silesia, 1933-1937.” Central European History 46, no. 1 (2013): 137. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43280552.
20. Ibid, 137-138.
21. Seventy Third session of the Council. 11. https://archives.ungeneva.org/juifs-en-haute-silesie-allemande-petition-du-12-mai-de-m-franz-bernheim-basee-sur-lart-147-de-la-convention-germano-polonaise-du-15-mai-1922-examen-a-la-72eme-session-du-conseil-mai-1933.
22. Ibid, 14.
23. Leszek Jodliński, “Pan Bernheim z Gliwic idzie na wojnę z III Rzeszą,” Gazeta Wyborcza, April 2014.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Karch, Brendan. “A Jewish ‘Nature Preserve’: League of Nations Minority Protections in Nazi Upper Silesia, 1933-1937.” Central European History 46, no. 1 (2013): 143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43280552_28.
29. Ibid, 144.
30. Karch, Brendan. “A Jewish ‘Nature Preserve’: League of Nations Minority Protections in Nazi Upper Silesia, 1933-1937.” Central European History 46, no. 1 (2013): 128. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43280552_30.
31. Karch, Brendan. Nation and Loyalty in a German-Polish Borderland: Upper Silesia, 1848–1960. Publications of the German Historical Institute. 213. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. doi:10.1017/9781108560955.
32. Leszek Jodliński, “Pan Bernheim z Gliwic idzie na wojnę z III Rzeszą,” Gazeta Wyborcza, April 2014.
33. Eliash Shulamit. The Harp and the Shield of David Ireland, Zionism and the State of Israel. Routledge, 2007. 32. https://www.routledge.com/The-Harp-and-the-Shield-of-David-Ireland-Zionism-and-the-State-of-Israel/Eliash/p/book/9781138869783.
34. Prill, Felician. “Seán Lester: High Commissioner in Danzig, 1933-1937.” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 49, no. 195 (1960): 263–267. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30099228.
35. Read the Plaque – Sean Lester. Accessed 9 February 2023.
https://readtheplaque.com/plaque/sean-lester-plaque-belfast.
36. Dictionary of Irish Biography. Lester, Seán (John Ernest). Accessed 9 February 2023. https://www.dib.ie/biography/lester-sean-john-ernest-a4809.
37. Irishman honoured in Polish city where he warned of Nazi danger. The Irish Times, August 27 2010. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/irishman-honoured-in-polish-city-where-he-warned-of-nazi-danger-1.642893.
38. Arthur Kochmann. Tu była jego Jerozolima. (This was his Jerusalem). Upper Silesian Jews House of Remembrance Museum in Gliwice. 22 July 2021. In Polish. Accessed 3 April 2025.
39. Kurt Grossmann. Center for Jewish History, Kurt Grossmann Collection. Accessed 09 February 2023. https://archives.cjh.org/repositories/5/resources/16194.
40. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Dr. Emil Margulies, Co-author of the “Bernheim Petition”, Dies in Palestine. February 21, 1943. https://www.jta.org/archive/dr-emil-margulies-co-author-of-the-bernheim-petition-dies-in-palestine.
41. Obituary. Dr. Georg Weissmann. Association of Jewish Refugees newspaper, 1963, 13. https://ajr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1963_march.pdf.
42. IrishCentral, On This Day: former Irish President Éamon de Valera dies in 1975. Accessed February 9 2023. https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/eamon-de-valera-the-irish-machiavelli.
43. Wikipedia, Friedrich von Keller (diplomat). Accessed February 9, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Keller_(diplomat).
44. Urząd Miasta w Gliwicach (City Hall in Gliwice), “Stowarzyszenie Młodzi Aktywni Gliwice”. March 31, 2021. https://bip.gliwice.eu/storage/bpm-152-13-2021.pdf.
45. Zastępca Prezydenta Miasta (Deputy Mayor of The City), “Stowarzyszenie Młodzi Aktywni Gliwice”. May 13, 2021. https://bip.gliwice.eu/storage/bpm-152-13-2021-odpowiedz-na-petycje.doc.
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